One of the underappreciated contributions of the late Milton Friedman is the impact of his market theories on the explosive development of derivative financial markets, particularly after the Nixon Administration abandoned in 1971 the fixed exchange rates that the Allies had established under the Bretton Woods Accords of 1944.
As Jim Johnston of the Heartland Institute notes here, Nixon Administration Treasury Secretary George Shultz — a close friend of Professor Friedman’s — led the campaign to remove the fixed exchange rates. As the story goes, part of Secretary Schultz’s motivation for removing the fixed exchange rates was Professor Friedman’s disappointment that he could not place a bet against the British pound in the financial markets of the late 1960s. As we all know now, replacing regulation of fixed exchange rates by central bankers with markets for foreign exchange futures such as FOREX derivative contracts substantially improved the ability of business interests to hedge risk in currencies. Johnston explains:

Banks initially opposed the [Forex derivative] contracts, calling them the creation of Chicago “crapshooters.” Later the banks used the FOREX contracts to hedge the tailored currency guarantees they sold to their customers. The move from regulation to markets was to pave the way for derivative contracts in heating oil, gasoline, crude oil, and natural gas in the order that they were deregulated.

The growth in financial and other derivatives, where speculators meet hedgers, continues even today. Indeed, so much so that the daily volume of trading exceeds trillions of dollars. It would not be unfair to say financial derivative trading is one of the largest institutions in the world.

Just think, it started out by being Milton Friedman’s bookie.